These regular sowings can start earlier under frames or cloches when they are placed in position a week or two before sowing in order to allow the soil to dry and warm a little to produce a better seed bed. At the other end of the season crops can be obtained well into the winter by sowing the 'Black Spanish' or 'China Rose' radishes in July and August in frames or in the open and later covering them with cloches. Almost any of the several summer radishes will provide edible crops through the summer. TOMATOES To supply a really long season of this valuable salad fruit a heated greenhouse or conservatory is a necessity. Outdoor crops are very limited in their season and often at risk from potato blight and other diseases. A cold greenhouse, frames and cloches can extend the season at the start and the end and produce fruit of rather better quality. The cultivation of outdoor tomatoes is discussed in Chapter 29 and of tomato cultivation in greenhouses in Chapter 31 . Here we describe methods of cultivation for those who wish only to use their frames or cloches for this attractive fruit. Most greenhouse cultivars can be planted under cloches during May and early June, according to site and season, and then uncovered and staked to produce three to four trusses of fruit in the open. 'Outdoor Girl' or 'Gardeners' Delight' may be rather better for this method but, like the others, they need to have their sideshoots removed as they appear and then stopped above the third or fourth truss. Any fruits allowed to set on later trusses are unlikely to reach maturity and will certainly not ripen. The bush or many-branched types such as 'The Amateur' and 'Roma' may be similarly planted and uncovered but not staked or they can be left covered under the widest and tallest cloches to grow and ripen under cover. All, whether under cover or in the open, will have green fruit left on the plants when autumn arrives. It is best then to pick them all, using them for chutney or placing them in single layers in a warm place to ripen. The use of low cover in this way can produce ripe fruit from the plants from July to September and steadily ripening fruit from those picked green well into the autumn until nearly Christmas. The usual soil pests can be troublesome to tomatoes grown in this way, but it is the fungi that cause leaf mould, grey mould, stem rot and blight that are the most serious menaces. All are worst in moist seasons and regular fungicidal spraying must be a regular part of a tomato growing programme. There are now many reliable fungicides for this purpose. It is essential to apply them regularly and thoroughly. OTHER VEGETABLE CROPS In addition to the fruit and salads many vegetables may be better grown with the aid of frames and cloches by producing earlier crops and by protecting them from a number of pests. Few vegetables need protection for the whole of their growth.