The first group are normally grown as single specimens and can be pruned as deciduous flowering shrubs which happen to be roses, differentiating mainly between those flowering on the current season's and those on the previous year's growth. Many of them will benefit from regular annual attention, but this is not nearly so drastic as in the second group. Of the display roses all, with the exception of the rambler roses, flower on the current season's growth, and benefit from regular annual pruning, not only to improve the quality and production of flower, but also to keep plants well shaped and maintain a constant supply of vigorous young wood. The best time for pruning this class of rose depends to a large extent on the location of the garden. Traditionally, and certainly in colder districts and in the open country, early March to mid-April would be the favoured time, just when the top-most buds on the stem are starting into growth. In mild districts and particularly in town gardens where the protection and warmth of the buildings provides a much more sheltered environment, roses may safely be pruned when they are fully dormant, usually in December and early January. This is a quiet time in the garden, the plants suffer no check to growth once this begins, and the first flowers appear two to three weeks earlier than from spring-pruned plants. With spring-pruned roses it is worth noting that the cluster-flowered bush roses (floribundas), with their greater vigour, usually start into growth a week or so before the large-flowered bush roses (hybrid teas), and will therefore be pruned first. For the same reason they will receive somewhat less severe treatment. In open situations where the plants are exposed to strong winds, it is a good practice to reduce the top growth of tall-growing cultivars by about one third in the early autumn, to minimise wind resistance which, by loosening the plant in the soil, may expose the root system to damage by frost or drought during the winter months. With many of the older cultivars of climbing and rambling roses, pruning can be a major problem, since they are capable of reaching 15 to 2of 1(4.5 1° 6m) in height. In most gardens today space is limited, and for the wall of a bungalow or a garden fence, the modern pillar roses have a much more suitable habit, reaching only some 8 to ioft(2.5 to 3m), and with a virtually continuous production of flowers of high quality throughout the summer. Flowering on the current season's growth they are pruned in the early spring, the short lateral growths being pruned back to two or three buds from the base in the normal way. The true rambler roses have only one period of flowering and have usually finished their display by July or early August. This is the time to prune, the growths which have borne flowers being cut out down to ground level and the developing young shoots tied in to take their place.